The gender contract in these families can be characterized by distinct gender imbalance many fathers still think that house work and childcare are a mother's responsibility. The less affluent families from Russian provinces do not rate their children's opportunities for social mobility very highly, so they motivate them to be successful in sports, thus accomplishing a variant of the 'natural growth' educational strategy. Many fathers still keep a 'low bar for fatherhood'. Then, drawing on in-depth interviews with fathers and mothers from small Russian towns, the conclusion is reached that fathering practices in these families have situational character, defined by, in Bourdieu's term, their 'habitus'.
These are the economic/bargaining perspective and the gender perspective. Two theoretical explanations for gender imbalance in the division of unpaid family labour are offered. This is followed by a review of two parental educational strategies: concerted cultivation and accomplishment of natural growth. Firstly, the key characteristics of the social groups in this research, 'potential middle class' and 'manual workers' are defined. The article explores gender contracts and fatherhood models that are present in families living in small Russian towns.
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